Pre-Brodmann pioneers of cortical cytoarchitectonics II: Carl Hammarberg, Alfred Walter Campbell and Grafton Elliot Smith

Abstract

The present study and the preceding paper revisit landmark discoveries that paved the way to the definition of the renowned Brodmann areas in the human cerebral cortex, in an attempt to rectify certain undeserved historical neglects. A 'second period of discoveries', from 1893 to 1908, is marked by the work of Carl Hammarberg (1865-1893) in Uppsala, Alfred Walter Campbell (1868-1937) in Liverpool and Grafton Elliot Smith (1871-1937) in Cairo. Their classical findings are placed in a modern perspective.